Sloppily lumping my book The Unquiet Grave with Peter Matthiessen's In The Spirit of Crazy Horse, Giago writes, "In [the two books], you will read about a ‘white man' and a woman often referred to as a ‘white woman,' although Agnes Gildersleeve was an Ojibwa woman, who ‘ripped off' the local Lakota people. This apparently justifies the attacks upon them and the destruction of their business."
I did not write that Ms. Gildersleeve was white, did not use the words "ripped off" (though they are not far from the truth), and did not excuse the attack on them or their business. I did explain why many Indians hated the business:"Its owners, the Gildersleeve and Czywczynski families, had strewn billboards for seventy-five miles that announced, SEE THE WOUNDED KNEE MASSACRE SITE, VISIT THE MASS GRAVE. POSTCARDS, CURIOS, DON'T MISS IT! The postcards showed slaughtered Indians, including Chief Big Foot, frozen in the 1890 snow. The traders enlivened their commerce with beadwork, quilts, and other curios bought low from Oglalas and sold high. A Catholic priest once watched Mrs. Czywczynski barter a beader to a stingy $3.50 for an exquisite work, then turn around and sell it for $12.00. The traders doubled as creditors, lending their Indian patrons $10 at humble interest of $2.25 a week. As village postmasters, they also offered a rudimentary auto-payment--opening the mail of customers who had run tabs, cashing their checks without asking, paying their bills at the post, and calling other shopkeepers across the reservation to see if debts were owed them too. There had been calls to boycott the post, but none had worked. The post was the only store for a dozen miles, and the many carless Oglalas of Wounded Knee had no choice but to buy groceries and other wares at its inflated prices. Years later Clive Gildersleeve was called to testify about his business practices, and he invoked his Fifth Amendment right not to incriminate himself ninety-nine times."Giago goes on to paint me as an apologist for the American Indian Movement, which led the Indian rights struggle of the 1970s. This is rank distortion. Mine was the first book to describe AIM's secret killing inside Wounded Knee of an activist named Ray Robinson, and the book's centerpiece was AIM's infamous execution of Anna Mae Aquash two years later. As Giago well knows, I condemned AIM sharply for these and lesser brutalities, and more than one AIM leader has threatened me for my pains. What riles Giago is that I also praised AIM (the overwhelming majority of whose members were peaceful) for fighting oppression, and I denuded the oppressors, from small-timers like the Gildersleeves to big-timers like the FBI, the latter of which persistently goaded AIM to just the sort of violence it committed. In Indian Country, the haves like Giago have long fought to keep the have-nots in their place. It is one reason the have-nots are still so multitudinous. Related Stories:
Bill Means: Another view of Wounded Knee 1973 (3/3)
Tim Giago: The real victims of Wounded Knee 1973 (3/2)
Bill Means: AIM will defend record in court (9/7)