Indianz.Com > News > Matthew Fletcher: U.S. Supreme Court disrupts criminal justice in Indian Country
In 5-4 ruling, court dramatically expands the power of states to prosecute crimes on reservations
Thursday, June 30, 2022
SCOTUSblog
On the second-to-last day of the 2021-22 term, the Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that Oklahoma — and all other states — possesses concurrent jurisdiction with the federal government over crimes committed by non-Indians against Indians in Indian country, wiping away centuries of tradition and practice.
Victor Manuel Castro-Huerta, a non-Indian person, was convicted by the state of Oklahoma for criminal child neglect of a citizen of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians within the reservation boundaries of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. That conviction came before the court’s 2020 decision in McGirt v. Oklahoma, which ruled that the Muscogee Nation’s reservation had not been disestablished upon the granting of statehood to Oklahoma. As a result of McGirt, the reservations of other tribes similarly situated to Muscogee are also now considered extant, including that of the Cherokee Nation. All land within an extant Indian reservation is considered “Indian country.”
McGirt made clear that much of eastern Oklahoma was Indian country and, as a result, that state and local authorities have no jurisdiction to prosecute Indian defendants accused of crimes on that land. Only the federal government and the tribes themselves can prosecute those defendants. That outcome has its roots in the Trade and Intercourse Act, which was passed by the first Congress in 1790 and federalized virtually all aspects of Indian affairs. Ever since then, Indian country criminal jurisdiction had been considered exclusively federal and tribal. The court’s 1832 decision in Worcester v. Georgia confirmed that state law had no force in Indian country absent congressional authorization. However, the court chipped away at that general rule in United States v. McBratney (1881) and Draper v. United States (1896), allowing state prosecutions of non-Indians who committed crimes against non-Indians in Indian country, even in the absence of congressional authorization.
U.S. Supreme Court Decision in Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta
Syllabus |
Opinion [Kavanaugh] |
Dissent [Gorsuch] |
Complete Document
U.S. Supreme Court Documents in Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta
Questions Presented |
Docket Sheet: No. 21-429 |
Oral Argument Transcript |
Day Call
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This article was originally published on SCOTUSBlog, the Supreme Court of the United States Blog, on June 29, 2022. It is republished here under a Creative Commons license (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 US).
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